区块链技术下数据存证的法律效力研究
摘要: 传统证据“三性”的审查框架在应对电子数据存证时面临信任危机,区块链技术为破解困境提供了新的路径。其通过哈希校验、链式结构与分布式存储确保数据上链后不可篡改,并在我国司法实践中被明确为电子数据的特殊固定方式,获得推定真实的法律地位。然而,技术信任无法直接等同于法律真实,区块链存证仍面临上链前数据真实性悖论、举证责任分配失衡、隐私保护与永久存证冲突等核心挑战。通过比较中外规制路径可见,需超越传统证据属性论的局限,构建分层动态的全链路审查体系,此体系应融合技术自证与司法核验,依据存证类型细化举证责任,并推动标准统一与链间互通,从而将区块链存证的审查纳入科学化、规范化的轨道,以达至司法公正的诉讼目标。
中图分类号:D916.3;D915.13;TP301.6文献标志码:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2026.07.008
中文引用格式:郭明轩.区块链技术下数据存证的法律效力研究[J].网络安全与数据治理,2026,45(7):55-61.
英文引用格式:Guo Mingxuan. A study on the legal effect of data evidence preservation under blockchain technology[J].Cyber Security and Data Governance,2026,45(7):55-61.
A study on the legal effect of data evidence preservation under blockchain technology
Guo Mingxuan
School of Humanities and Law, Shenyang University of Technology
Abstract: The traditional review framework of the "three attributes" of evidence is confronted with a credibility crisis when dealing with electronic data evidence preservation, and blockchain technology provides a new path to break through this dilemma. By virtue of hash verification, chain structure and distributed storage, it ensures that data cannot be tampered with after being uploaded to the blockchain. In China′s judicial practice, it has been explicitly defined as a special method for fixing electronic data, and has obtained the legal status of presumed authenticity. However, technical trust cannot be directly equated with legal authenticity. Blockchainbased evidence preservation still faces core challenges such as the authenticity paradox of data before being uploaded to the blockchain, the unbalanced allocation of burden of proof, and the conflict between privacy protection and permanent evidence preservation. A comparative study of Chinese and foreign regulatory approaches shows that it is necessary to transcend the limitations of the traditional theory of evidence attributes and construct a hierarchical and dynamic fulllink review system. This system should integrate technical selfcertification and judicial verification, refine the burden of proof according to the types of evidence preservation, and promote the unification of standards and interoperability between blockchains. In this way, the review of blockchainbased evidence preservation can be brought into a scientific and standardized track, so as to achieve the litigation goal of judicial justice.
Key words : blockchain technology; electronic evidence; evidence review; legal authenticity
引言
当前,第四次工业革命正以前所未有的深度与广度重塑社会形态。社会生活的全面数字化使得电子数据取代了传统的纸质载体,成为还原客观事实的核心媒介。然而,这一变革同时也带来了前所未有的信任危机。
电子数据具有无形性、易篡改性、易伪造性以及对存储环境的高度依赖性等先天缺陷。在司法实践中,如何证明一份电子合同未被单方修改?如何确认一张网页截图生成于特定的历史时刻?如何确信服务器日志未被管理员后台覆写?这些鉴真难题长期困扰着法官与当事人,导致了极高的取证成本与极低的司法效率。传统的公证取证虽然效力较高,但其高昂的时间与金钱成本难以适应互联网时代海量、高频、碎片的纠纷特征。
区块链技术的出现,为解决这一信任难题提供了一把“技术钥匙”。作为一种去中心化、不可篡改、全程留痕的分布式账本技术,区块链被《经济学人》誉为“信任机器”。自2008年中本聪发布比特币白皮书以来,区块链技术迅速溢出金融领域,在司法存证、知识产权保护、供应链管理等场景落地生根。特别是在我国,随着2018年《最高人民法院关于互联网法院审理案件若干问题的规定》的出台,区块链存证的法律地位首次得到确认,标志着司法领域区块链证据元年的开启。
尽管区块链存证在司法实践中已呈燎原之势,但在法学理论与制度构建层面,仍存在诸多未竟之问。技术的确定性并不能直接等同于法律的真实性,区块链虽然能通过哈希校验保证数据上链后的完整性,却无法自动解决数据上链前的真实性问题,即著名的预言机问题[1]。此外,区块链存证的广泛应用还引发了隐私保护与不可篡改性的冲突、技术不对等导致的举证责任分配失衡,以及算法黑箱带来的司法审查困境。基于此,对区块链技术下数据存证法律效力的研究,亟需超越早期阶段的政策宣示、制度注疏与简单的技术应用倡导,深入技术的底层逻辑,结合国内外最新判例与学说,探讨如何构建一套既适应技术特性又符合证据法基本原理的审查规则体系。
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作者信息:
郭明轩
(沈阳工业大学文法学院,辽宁沈阳110870)